Roth Conversion Ladder Calculator

Each conversion needs its own 5-year clock before it's penalty-free

Roth Conversion Ladder Calculator

Annual conversion amount$

Your current age yrs

Tax rate on the conversion now %

Expected tax rate if left in traditional until retirement %

Tax due on this year's conversion

First penalty-free access date

5 years from THIS conversion, per the ladder rule

vs. converting later at retirement rate

Assumes early retirement/FIRE-style access planning where you convert traditional IRA/401(k) funds to Roth specifically to access the principal before 59½ without the 10% early-withdrawal penalty. Each conversion is taxed as ordinary income in the year of conversion. The comparison to "converting later" is a simplified rate comparison and doesn't model investment growth during the deferral period, which could change which path nets more. Not tax advice.

More calculators

1031 Exchange Calculator

Full deferral needs equal-or-greater value, not just a like-kind swap.

1099/Side-Hustle Quarterly Estimated Tax Calculator

Self-employment tax comes on top of income tax, not instead of it.

401(k) Calculator

Project your 401(k) balance with contributions and employer match.

50/30/20 Budget Calculator

Split your paycheck into needs, wants, and savings.

529 Calculator

See what a monthly 529 contribution grows into for college.

Frequently asked questions

How much do I actually need to retire comfortably?

It depends on your expected retirement expenses, Social Security benefit, and life expectancy -- there's no single universal number, though rules of thumb like "25x annual expenses" are a common starting point. This calculator lets you build a more specific estimate from your own numbers.

What's the difference between a 401(k) and an IRA?

A 401(k) is employer-sponsored, often with an employer match, and has a higher annual contribution limit. An IRA is opened independently at a brokerage, with a lower contribution limit but typically far more investment choice. Many people contribute to both -- a 401(k) up to the employer match, then an IRA.

When should I claim Social Security -- 62, 67, or 70?

Claiming at 62 gives a permanently reduced benefit; waiting until your full retirement age (typically 66-67) gives the full benefit; waiting until 70 gives the maximum benefit, growing roughly 8% per year you delay past full retirement age. The right age depends on your health, other income, and whether you need the money sooner.

How does inflation affect my retirement savings?

Inflation erodes purchasing power both before and during retirement, so a nominal dollar figure that looks sufficient today can fall short decades from now. This calculator shows results in both nominal and inflation-adjusted terms so you're not planning around a number that quietly loses value.

Estimates only, not financial advice. See our Disclaimer.